Distal Esophageal Spasm: An Updated Review

Distal esophageal spasm is characterized by premature contractions of the distal smooth muscle leading to non-obstructive dysphagia and non-cardiac chest pain. Diagnosis requires presence symptoms along with evidence at least 20% in setting a normal lower sphincter relaxation on high-resolution manometry. New updates Chicago Classification have improved diagnostic accuracy this method. Functional lumen imaging probe growing modality that gives more complete picture motility. Pharmacologic treatment remains inadequate. Endoscopic myotomy might be benefit for non-achalasia motility disorders. More research required better understand pathophysiology develop safe long-lasting management disease.